The same FEM model mentioned before was used in a previous study (Ahmad and Ray 2021a) to prove the ability of the Ramberg–Osgood (RO) model to accurately simulate the shear stress-shear strain curves obtained from cyclic and irregular TOSS tests. The study examined normal, lognormal, and binomial distributions of the elastic modulus and yield stresses in the specimen, and the results showed that the nonlinearity becomes more evident when the variation of properties is on a wider range and more variable (lognormal distribution). A previous study by (Ahmad and Ray 2021b) on a simulation of the Torsional Simple Shear Test (TOSS) with the 3D Finite Element (FEM) software Midas GTS NX showed that a simple material model such as the Tresca model can generate complex soil behavior by varying the properties of the elements. Based on that notion, a soil specimen’s nonlinear behavior can be predicted and modeled by a set of elasto-plastic elements, which yield at different times of the test. This type of heterogeneous dislocation is found commonly in deformed materials especially in soil. Yield levels are mostly related to local variations in dislocation density. He suggested that the specimen does not have uniform stiffness along its cross-section, and elements failed and reached their yield strength at different times of the test. (Masing 1926) first examined the concept of non-uniform failure of a brass specimen subjected to loading and unloading in tension.
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